2.2.2 Representative contagionIn democracies, officials are selected through competitive elections and are supposed to represent “the people” (Manin, 1997). This creates what we term representative contagion: when individuals observe that elected officials are corrupt, they may infer that their fellow citizens, who selected these officials and whom these officials represent, are also untrustworthy. The corruption of representatives becomes psychological evidence about the represented (Rothstein and Eek, 2009). In autocracies, by contrast, predatory elites are typically viewed as a distinct class, separate from and often opposed to ordinary citizens (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012). Their corruption is contained within the political sphere and does not implicate horizontal relationships among citizens. This quarantines interpersonal trust from elite malfeasance. Individuals can maintain trust in their neighbors while simultaneously acknowledging that the ruling class is corrupt (Ledeneva, 2013).
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The wal-index is implemented using an ordinary file that is
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